Some of the most famous research in psychology has been inspired by informal observations. Stanley Milgram’s famous research on obedience to authority, for example, was inspired in part by journalistic reports of the trials of accused Nazi war criminals—many of whom claimed that they were only obeying orders all your paper needs covered 24/7 No matter what kind of academic paper you need, it is simple and affordable to place your order with Achiever Essays. We have experienced writers in over 70+ disciplines for whom English is a native language and will easily prepare a paper according to your requirements Disclaimer: If you need a custom written term, thesis or research paper as well as an essay or dissertation sample, choosing Solution Essays - a relatively cheap custom writing service - is a great option. Get any needed writing assistance at a price that every average student can afford
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This paper is a commentary on the suitability of using law in wildlife management, research paper obeying orders, and on the role that the law can play in conservation and management of wildlife and wildlife resources. It is based on the hypothesis that law is an important tool for regulating social conduct and enforcing policy, and can play an important role in achieving sustainable wildlife management.
The author holds the view that having no law at all, or having irrelevant, unsuitable, inappropriate and ineffective laws is unhelpful, and will in the end be counter-productive and a liability to the conservation agenda. The paper has critically addressed these concerns, research paper obeying orders. It has also drawn from literature survey and arm-chair study, as well as views and information gathered by the author in previous research whose data and findings have been published.
Virtually all societies, from the primitive society to the modern society, have had some form of law or legal ordering; with informal legal ordering in the former and more formalized laws in the latter. The enterprise of law legal ordering is so crucial that it has permeated all sectors of society and aspects of life, in such a way that a society without law is unfathomable. Admittedly, law has permeated all sectors of society, research paper obeying orders, including the wildlife sector; such that there are rules, regulations and laws on wildlife.
This is to the extent that there has even developed a genre of law that may be described as wildlife management law, or simply wildlife law; with its own professionals, its own textbooks, and its own jurisprudence. This law has provisions: On wildlife ownership and use; for establishing wildlife agencies and spelling out their respective duties; for protecting wildlife from harm, especially that arising from human conduct and activities; for protecting wildlife habitats from encroachment by humans; and for mitigating the negative costs of wildlife such as competition for resources as well as wildlife predation and depredation.
While law has some advantages that make it suitable for that purpose, it also has certain limitations. There are also several factors that determine or affect the effectiveness of laws determinants —mainly institutional ones. In that even with properly formulated laws, for law to be effective and play its intended role, there is need for those factors determinants to be addressed. They include: The relevance and suitability research paper obeying orders the particular laws to the local circumstances of the locality in which they are applied; the acceptability of such laws to stakeholders and the general public; whether those laws set up effective mechanisms for dispute adjudication and dispute settlement; whether those laws are backed with appropriate policy frameworks and effective institutional arrangements.
Use of Law research paper obeying orders, WildlifeWildlife ManagementWildlife Management Law research paper obeying orders, Suitability of LawLimitations of LawEffectiveness of Laws.
It is divided into five parts. This Part One is the introduction and conceptual framework, that describes the lay-out of the paper, then proceeds to provide the conceptual framework for the discourse in the subsequent parts of the paper. In the conceptual framework, the author defines the key terms and concepts, then discusses the functions of law in society, as well as the importance and benefits of wildlife.
Part Two discusses the suitability and limitations of law, as well as the major determinants of the effectiveness of law. In Part Three, the author discusses the role of law in wildlife management, as well as the attributes of wildlife management laws, and the strategies that these laws employ in their noble task of conserving and managing wildlife and wildlife resources. Part Four is the conclusion part that summarizes the discussion in the preceding parts, and then makes recommendations on the use of law for wildlife management.
It has also drawn from literature survey and arm-chair reading that lasted over one year, as well as views and information gathered by the author in previous studies whose data and findings have been published. The author has identified three key terms used in this paper, research paper obeying orders. Research paper obeying orders are: Law, wildlife, and wildlife management.
The term law has research paper obeying orders described variously, research paper obeying orders, even satirically, but more particularly as a set of rules or as a judicial process. When one of the characters in that book Mr. Currie and Waal for their part say law is concerned with advancing the welfare of the public, with resolving disputes, maintaining social control, planning and development, conferring and controlling power, the protection of rights, and the regulation of politics and the economy; and sometimes law is also concerned with justice.
In the context of this paper, law comprises constitutional provisions, legislative provisions, research paper obeying orders, judicial decisions in jurisdictions where these are recognized as a source of lawby-laws and other subsidiary regulations, legal principles and custom.
Virtually all societies, from the primitive society to the modern society, have had law; informal legal systems in the former and more formalized ones in the latter.
Law is so crucial in society and has permeated all aspects of life and sectors of society, including wildlife, in such a way that a society without law is unfathomable. The importance and function of law in society therefore need not be over-emphasized. Funk has observed that there has been more concern on the definition and sources of law rather than on its role, purpose, function and utility.
Law has been an integral part of society, at each stage of civilization from medieval era to modern times. In the pre-historic society, there was no need for law. However, research paper obeying orders, with the advent of the modern society human populations increased and humans started competing for scarce natural resources such as land, wildlife, forestry and other natural resources. With further expansion and the advent of modern civilizations there arose competition between different forms of land use.
There also arose other competing and often conflicting interests some of which are irreconcilable, e. in the political arena. There therefore arose the urgent need to attempt to reconcile these research paper obeying orders or balance them or to merely create harmony in their co-existence. With modernization and industrialization, research paper obeying orders, a complex web of human relationships was engendered, and the magnitude and array of conflicts had expanded remarkably.
In the pre-historic and pre-civilization era, humans stayed in bands of clans and families, but later with western type of civilization that de-emphasizes communes and promotes individualization and selfishness, there arose remarkable inequalities that resulted in an overly stratified society on the basis especially of socio-economic classes, with each class having its own interests hence more conflicts.
The law had to come in for purposes of regulating those competing and often conflicting interests and mitigating the conflicts arising therefrom.
One of the means used by the law research paper obeying orders this purpose was through prescription and proscription. Given that humans are by nature deviant and selfish, there arose need for the law to adopt penalties and sanctions to ensure compliance with its prescriptions and proscriptions, as well as its other edicts. In sum therefore, the need for law was principally for purposes of providing a formal means for dispute actually conflict adjudication and resolution, research paper obeying orders, while also prescribing standards of acceptable conduct and proscribing harmful conduct.
Nevertheless, having policies and research paper obeying orders will alone without the enabling laws is not enough, as it is akin to having a toothless dog that barks but cannot bite. However, having irrelevant, unsuitable, inappropriate and ineffective laws is unhelpful, and will in the end be counter-productive. Even with good laws, there has to be the supporting institutional framework and effective enforcement; as enforcement is one of the key determinants of the effectiveness of laws.
Wildlife is as old as humanity, and there has from pre-historic era to modern times existed an inextricable relationship between the human society and wildlife. However, unlike minerals which are by law vested in the government and can only be extracted by it and not the citizenry, wildlife is a resource that the citizens may utilize in their day to day lives to meet their needs.
While wildlife has a wide array of benefits to society, economic benefits in many cases are perhaps the most emphasized as compared to the other benefits and uses Sifuna, Its importance and benefits comprise its consumptive uses, non-consumptive uses and its intrinsic value; and may be summarized as follows: Its ecological role in biodiversity as a gene bank, as well as its significance as an integral part of the ecosystem, and component of the food chain; its use as a source of food and nutrition for humankind; its cultural and socio-economic uses; its use in modern medicine and in folk medicine; its use for educational study and scientific research; as well as its intrinsic beauty and recreational use for viewing and photography.
Wildlife therefore is a valuable resource, with numerous benefits to society in terms of its contribution to the economy, ecosystem, nutrition, medicine, recreation, socio-cultural purposes, educational and scientific development. Despite these benefits however, it also imposes negative costs to societal life and livelihoods in terms of competition for resources such as land and spacedisruption of normal life, research paper obeying orders well as direct damage to people and their property predation and depredation Sifuna, There are dangerous wild animals that are known to attack humans and cause them deaths and bodily harm, or attack livestock sometimes fatallydamage crops and other property movable and immovable as well as public infrastructure.
The menace of damage by these problem animals nuisance wildlife as well as its solutions have research paper obeying orders extensively discussed by this author in previous studies whose findings are published e.
While wildlife conservation can be pursued through appropriate policies, there is need to back up such policies with appropriate laws. This is because one of the fundamental functions of law is to implement policies. The formulation of a policy always needs to be followed by the enactment of corresponding enabling laws to validate that policy to enable its implementation.
Given the existence of wildlife management policies, law has a crucial role to play in the conservation and management of wildlife, especially the implementation of wildlife policy.
Advantages of backing conservation efforts with attendant legal provisioning are many, and include the following:, research paper obeying orders. Unlike policies, which are general or generalized statements of object, laws are specific and certain; hence legal provisioning brings about certainty as opposed to leaving important issues and sectors such as wildlife to mere policies, or executive whims which may be largely erratic and therefore uncertain.
A law that is laden with ambiguities or ambiguity is bad law, as one of the rules of legal draftsmanship is that a law need be certain. Creation of Justiciable Rights and Mechanisms for Addressing Infringement of these Rights, research paper obeying orders.
Law creates justiciable rights and corresponding obligations that can be enforced through the courts as opposed to choice by the executive. It creates rights that can be litigated or enforced, and whose infringement can be litigated in courts of law, rather than leaving them to the mercy of the executive and the political class. Litigating such rights or enforcing them through the judicial system is advantageous because the judicature is the vanguard of justice, and no one with a genuine grievance will be turned away from the seat of justice.
These rights can be litigated in courts of law for instance by way of constitutional petitions, research paper obeying orders, or through the ordinary adjudication of disputes for instance in civil suits. It is encouraging that apart from creating justiciable rights, the law also sets up institutions and processes for settling disputes that arise from denial or infringement of these rights. This is plausible because without this principle, people will just break the law and feign ignorance to escape liability and punishment.
This scapegoating has no room in Kenya, because the enactment of any statute or regulations is preceded by public research paper obeying orders where the public is invited to submit views at its initial stage as a parliamentary Bill, before promulgation. Moreover, every such promulgated statute or regulations have a preambular part that states the legislative objective, as well as the date of commencement.
Another cardinal principle of law is that all people are equal before the law. Ideally, the law is applied to everyone equally and treats everyone equally without bias or preferential treatment.
All are expected to comply with and obey the edicts of the law, irrespective of race, tribe, gender, sexual orientation, creed, or station in life. By treating all as equal before it, law obviates impunity and discrimination; and acquires universal application not in the international sense, but connotes all.
One of the prime research paper obeying orders or goals of law is to do justice, as opposed to injustice. This is a cardinal tenet of law, that is the thread that runs through the entire corpus of law.
For Kenya, the goal of justice in fact substantive justice is even enshrined in Article of her Constitution The Constitution of Kenya, research paper obeying orders,which Constitution is the supreme law of the land; from which all laws derive their legitimacy, research paper obeying orders, such that any law that is inconsistent with it, is null and void, to the extent of that inconsistency Article 2.
Indeed the virtue of all virtues is justice. Whereas it is not easy to research paper obeying orders justice, justice like light, is only noticeable when it is absent. It is easier to notice an injustice—which research paper obeying orders translates to lack of justice, research paper obeying orders.
As already stated in this paper, research paper obeying orders, policies require the enactment of corresponding enabling laws to implement them. While such agencies can be created or designated by such policies, research paper obeying orders, it is better when they are created or designated by the law rather than administratively or by executive whim.
The law in creating or designating these enforcement agencies, also spells out their functions and responsibilities. The prescription of duties and functions for such agencies is usually accompanied with spelling out penalties and sanctions for abdication of duty; whether the abdication be willful or negligent. Legal creation or designation agencies makes them legal entities, gives them juristic legitimacy, as well as clothes them with legal authority in the sense that they have legal backing for their roles and are legally liable for their actions.
Indeed such agencies function well when they have been created or designated by the law, rather than administratively or by policy only, or by executive whim. Enforcement of laws is invariably vested in public entities, usually public institutions, public offices, public officers or other public actors.
The advantage of vesting enforcement in public entities is that they being part of government they enjoy governmental authority and have the coercive power of the state at their disposal, especially the executive arm of government; hence have pride of place compared with private entities or private actors. Laws are couched in mandatory terms never as a request rather than in permissive form, and compliance with it is a duty and obligation rather than a choice.
Everyone has a duty to, without discretion or preference, obey the law. Those that choose to or happen to disobey or fail to comply with it, are usually punished by being visited with the set of penalties and sanctions prescribed by it for infraction.
In other words, research paper obeying orders, the law is the law, must be obeyed, and compliance with it is a duty and obligation, rather than a discretion. This standpoint has given rise to habitual obedience of law; where people are in the habit of obeying the law of the land.
Such that obedience to law is not only a requirement, but has become a routine, and research paper obeying orders a lifestyle. In the social contract between the government and its subjects, there is an undertaking by the subjects that they will obey the laws promulgated by the government; with the resultant legitimate expectation on their part that so long as they are obeying these laws, the government will let them enjoy their peace and not hound them.
This is because laws are made by government the legislature or the executive and not private entities or private research paper obeying orders. Such laws state made laws are called positive laws and are backed by governmental authority and sanctions to secure compliance with them.
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Dec 01, · This paper will briefly review the history of informed consent, discuss the components of an ethically valid informed consent and examine deception in research. was an attempt to determine how those accused at the Nuremberg Trials could justify their claims that they were only obeying the orders of the Nazi authority. A deceptive Some of the most famous research in psychology has been inspired by informal observations. Stanley Milgram’s famous research on obedience to authority, for example, was inspired in part by journalistic reports of the trials of accused Nazi war criminals—many of whom claimed that they were only obeying orders Here's a shortened example of a research article that MIGHT have been written. DISCLAIMER: This article is not written by Stanley Milgram, but is intended as an example of a psychology research paper that someone might have written after conducting the first Milgram-study. It's presented here for educational purposes
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